----PARIS,TEXAS, TOPIX FORUM DISCUSSION---We reported on the PEDC?s (Paris Economic Development Corporation) plan to get a coordinated plan through a unified plan by paying a Gregg County, Texas, firm to act as "third-party facilitators" at a meeting or two.
Which, in and by itself, is a heck?ova plan ? Taxpayers, who pay the PEDC?s bills, coughed up at least $1,710 for the consultants. Evidently, an outside firm was needed to ?facilitate? the meeting to get a plan to get a plan, because. . . ? Surely, the PEDC doesn?t believe no one in our Paris-Lamar County area knows how. . .? The PEDC also have taxpayers on the hook to pay for a study by an Oklahoma retail development ?expert? they hired, and to pay for a long-term contract for his help in soliciting retail businesses to Paris (see Drowning on Dry Land). Why is the PEDC even considering bringing in competition for local merchants and businesses? They have enough problems without the PEDC adding to them. The PEDC should be helping, not bringing in competition. It is as if the PEDC has never heard of the ongoing retail campaign urging everyone to "Shop Paris". (But, why is the PEDC involved in ?retail development?? It?s NOT something they're chartered to do...) A PEDC employee, a ?community development specialist?, has moved or is moving to Georgia. The PEDC will pay her $800 per month for the next 10-months to handle "electronic media? and to maintain the PEDC website. But according to previous reports, the website and its maintenance is being done by CDSuites of Longview, Texas ( see job_creation). And, no, it is not the money: It is the thinking that leads to the actions - Taxpayers, through the PEDC, have guaranteed for ten years, $5.8 million for the financing of existing and new debt and around $1.8 million for operating capital for a local firm. The firm?s headquarters are in Paris, but they also have offices in Dallas, Waco, Sulphur Springs, and other Texas communities, as well as in North Carolina. In exchange, we?re getting a promise of 25 new jobs within the next five years. And the PEDC has given a $105,000 ?cash incentive? for another 10 jobs at the company?s headquarters. No report of how much money or what kind of guarantees, if any, taxpayers in the firm?s other locations chipped in or provided. Shouldn?t Paris taxpayers know if the guarantees and/or operating capital they?re providing will be used to help underwrite the firm?s business operations in those communities? How could it not help . . . ? But, how would we know? These PEDC actions signal it can do what it wants, and spend the taxpayer?s money for whatever purpose they want, as long as they have some kind of semi-plausible deniability. This is a moral hazard, and weakens confidence in what they say and do. In all these actions, the PEDC is funding jobs and job creation opportunities for communities ? and states ? in competition against us! And the PEDC calls what they?re doing ?Economic Development"? Our question is, ?For whom??
The 2000th US soldier to die may have been the victim of another insider attack. Overall, the conflict has grown less deadly for US troops since 2010.
By Tom A. Peter,?Correspondent / September 30, 2012
Upon landing after a helicopter rescue mission, Tech. Sgt. Jeff Hedglin, (r.) an Air Force Pararescueman, or PJ, drapes an American flag over the remains of the first of two US soldiers killed minutes earlier in an IED attack, assisted by fellow PJs, Senior Airman Robert Dieguez, center, and 1st Lt. Matthew Carlisle, in Kandahar province, southern Afghanistan.
Brennan Linsley/AP/File
Enlarge
A possible insider attack has?claimed the life of America?s 2,000th soldier to die in Afghanistan. The shooting reportedly took place Saturday evening in Afghanistan?s volatile Wardak Province at a checkpoint run by the Afghan Army.
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While initial reports indicated that the incident was likely an insider attack, international military officials now say insurgent fire may have been involved. The incident left one NATO soldier presumed to be American dead, along with a civilian contractor, and three Afghan soldiers. Afghan and international military authorities are now investigating the incident.
If confirmed as an insider attack, the incident is likely to carry particular significance beyond being the 2,000th American soldier killed in the nearly 11-year conflict. Though violence has fallen here with US troops seeing consistent drops in fatalities starting last year, the war continues to claim lives and this latest spate of insider killings presents a challenge that has so far eluded US and NATO efforts to solve the problem.
?It gets at the very core of trust between coalition forces and the Afghans, and it?s very difficult to counter,? says David Barno, a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security who commanded US and international forces in Afghanistan from 2003 to 2005.
Citing findings that show insurgent infiltration accounts for only a quarter of insider attacks, with personal disputes accounting for another quarter and the rest having unclear motivations, Mr. Barno says stopping the attacks will be difficult.
?You can come up with a counter-intelligence program and take a number of other measures to help find Taliban infiltrators, but if three out of four attacks are related to cultural misunderstandings, outbursts, or friction perhaps related to 11 years of exposure between the coalition and Afghans that?s much more perplexing and much more difficult to deal with,? he says.
As US forces increasingly focus on the training mission ahead of the end of their combat operations, scheduled for 2014, the insider killings present a significant threat. If the most recent American death is confirmed as a so-called green-on-blue attack where an Afghan soldier kills an American service member, such incidents will account for 53 NATO deaths this year alone, or roughly 15 percent of those killed in Afghanistan.
NATO recently introduced severely restricted joint operations with Afghan forces in an effort to address the problem. But few Afghan units are judged by NATO as ready to operate alone, leaving some international forces on the ground looking to continue joint operations as a means of wrapping up the mission. Meanwhile, the most recent incident suggests that?efforts by Afghan and NATO forces to screen the fledgling security forces for possible turncoats will require still more work.?
?The recruitment of Afghan security forces was done mostly to reach the numerical goals, not to recruit quality soldiers,? says Hilaludin Hilal, a former deputy of the Ministry of Interior. ?The very urgent and short-term solution must come from the Afghan government. They must start screening and filtering these forces and kicking out anyone who poses a threat."
At the end of 2003, the Afghan security forces numbered just 6,000 personnel. Today there are 352,000, with the force nearly doubling in size between the summer of 2009 and now.
?Insider attacks, though tragic, will not derail ISAF from achieving its mission nor will it weaken the collective resolve and bonds of our Coalition and Afghan partners,? says US Air Force Major Lori Hodge, a spokesperson for the International Security Assistance Force. ?The partnership between Afghan and Coalition forces remains very strong and together we are committed to helping the people of Afghanistan build a prosperous future.?
Fighting in Afghanistan claimed the most American lives in Afghanistan in 2010, and since then the number of Americans killed here each year has dropped. Though Afghanistan has seen an overall reduction in fighting and violence, the decrease in NATO deaths may come in part from a greater focus on training Afghan security forces and a reduction in the number of international forces here. Just this month, the last US surge troops left Afghanistan, bringing the number of American soldiers here down to 68,000.
Counts for the death toll in Afghanistan vary based on different organizational counting practices. The Associated Press count, which now logs 2,000 dead, counts those service members killed inside Afghanistan during the course of the current war. Other counts include those killed in other countries working in support of anti-terrorism operations related to Afghanistan.
look 'closely' at the edges on the maple in that stack and you can see that I have an alignment issue on my TS.
I'm trying to figure out Where the problem is though...
when I start a cut, it goes fairly smooth until about 20" into the cut, at which point i need to Both slow down and increase the pressure I'm pushing with... to the point of popping a breaker if I push too hard/fast. taking it slowly, I can get through, but with burnt edges. I've switched blades, both of mine are either 'in dire need of sharpening....' or something is out of whack.
I've checked and as near as I can tell the blade is parallel with the fence, and with the miter slots.
now this is the 'best' evidence I've got that the blade and fence are parallel.. I don't have a gauge, so I've used a square, marking a tooth and measuring distance fore and aft to the miter slot and the fence.
HOwever in mid cut, I'm getting a gap:
and yes, the board itself is straight as near as I can tell.
Read previous stories related to Broken Arrow and get contact information for Broken Arrow officials.
The Museum of Military History, which focuses on Oklahoma connections to U.S. wars since 1861, will begin its move from Tulsa to Broken Arrow as soon as crews finish renovating its new home in the old Franklin Hospital building, museum Acting Director Beth Cordingley said.
The city bought the building at 112 N. Main St. from the Broken Arrow school district earlier this year and approved final designs for the renovation last week.
The $300,000 project, funded by a tax increment financing district, began in early spring and is expected to be finished around the end of the year, architect Steve Olsen said.
Jan. 1 "is sort of our long-range goal because it's going to take some time," Cordingley said. "Having been a hospital, of course, it has lots of rooms and lots of walls, so the main thing is knocking a lot of them down."
The 7,000-square-foot building is a significant improvement over the museum's current 3,000-square-foot building at 6953 S. 66th East Ave., she said.
The extra space will allow more of the museum's 2,000 artifacts to be displayed at once, Cordingley said. The collection contains items from the Civil War to the Persian Gulf War, and every item has an Oklahoma connection.
Most will be displayed in large rooms dedicated to each branch of the military. Displays will also rotate to a glass "storefront" that is planned near the Main Street entrance, Cordingley said.
Other additions include a research library and multiple large meeting rooms to house classes for children and veterans, as well as meetings for veterans groups, she said.
Veterans classes will include creative workshops to encourage them to write about their war experiences or communicate them through painting, she said.
"We will eventually serve all of Oklahoma and eventually the region," Cordingley said.
"We hope that (the museum) will be a destination for people to come and research and see things they can't find anywhere else."
The museum still needs about $100,000 for personnel and moving costs, including salaries for a permanent director and curator.
Grants and donations will be sought to fill the positions before January, and membership fees will help cover expenses after the museum opens, Cordingley said.
A furniture company has already offered to donate items for offices and meeting rooms, which will save about $20,000 in moving expenses, she said.
The museum was founded by retired Air Force Col. Robert W. Powell, and its mission is to promote patriotism, Cordingley said.
The Franklin Hospital building once held Broken Arrow's first modern hospital.
Its renovation is being funded by the FlightSafety TIF district, which dedicates $6 million to revitalizing downtown.
The city agreed to buy the building in exchange for the Broken Arrow school district's agreement not to oppose the creation of the TIF district.
The sale price was lowered from $423,900 to $287,500 after the city agreed to spend $136,400 to improve a parking lot that will be used for the museum and the school district's nearby Central on Main facility.
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If you're looking at a fixer-upper, the Federal Housing Administration rehab loan may be the mortgage for you.
Are you interested in buying a fixer-upper, but don't have the cash to remodel it? Or maybe you have saved money for remodeling and you've found a house you love, but your lender won't allow you to buy it because the house isn't considered habitable without toilets.
?
There are always properties on the market that weren't maintained by cash-strapped former owners, were treated poorly by renters or were deliberately trashed by formers owners before they lost their home to foreclosure. Shouldn't there be a way for someone like you to fix up these neighborhood eyesores and bring them back to life?
?
A Gift From the Government
There is, and it's brought to you by the federal government. The Federal Housing Administration's rehab loan product, the The FHA 203(k) Loan was designed for individuals who want to rehabilitate or repair a damaged home so they can live in it as their primary residence. These loans are endorsed by the government to encourage lenders to offer what would otherwise be considered a risky loan product. Because of the risk and expense involved, rehab projects are normally handled by professional real estate investors who can buy properties with cash and therefore don't need any bank to approve the property's condition.
According to the FHA, "All persons who can make the monthly mortgage payments are eligible to apply" for a 203(k) loan. To find a lender in your area who is experienced with FHA 203(k) mortgages, use the search tool at http://www.hud.gov/ll/code/llslcrit.cfm and check the box for 203(k).
You might be surprised by the variety of home repairs and improvements that can be financed with the 203(k) loan. These include, but are not limited to:
Painting
Room additions
Decks
Patios
Site grading and drainage
Bathroom remodeling
Kitchen remodeling, including appliances
Finishing an attic or basement
Structural alterations and repairs
Adding or decreasing the number of units in a dwelling (e.g., single family to duplex)
New siding
Second story addition
Elimination of lead-based paint problems
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC)
Plumbing
Roofing
Flooring
Energy conservation
Disabled access
The FHA does not allow "luxury items" such as tennis courts, swimming pools, hot tubs and barbecue pits to be financed with a 203(k) loan, but some items that you might think of as luxuries, such as whirlpool bathtubs, are actually allowed. Talk to your lender about the specific improvements you want to make to see what you can finance.
?
Applying for an FHA 203(k) Loan
At AmeriFirst Home Mortgage, we are your 203k Specialists. You can find us in several states in the 203k Loan Directory.
Bottom Line
Let us know how we can help, and feel free to download our FREE 203k Survival Guide anytime.
Frequently when shopping on the web or at your hometown shopping mall you will definitely see ?Member belonging to the Improved Internet business Bureau, or BBB? and right now you?re feeling high quality about browsing with the information site or save. But what?s the Greater Internet business Bureau and why does it can be encourage assurance, specially when buying for your internet hosting business?
The greater Organisation Bureau happens to be monitoring grievances and attempting to keep tabs on each earnings and non-profit webhosting corporations for additional than fifteen decades now. Every year thousands and thousands of individuals count around the More beneficial Small business Bureau ranking reviews to inform them whether or not or not an internet host is honest or not.
The greater Enterprise Bureau is in contrast to the community Chamber of Commerce inside indisputable fact that it doesn?t encourage any word wide web host more than a further. The BBB gathers related information on internet hosting online businesses both of those non-public and non-private then publishes its conclusions of their dependability stories. The entire thought is to try to always keep the buyer knowledgeable and enable them look over by means of the on the market specifics to raised formulate which webhosting firm is a particular they wish to offer with.
One of several biggest capabilities for the More desirable Small business Bureau will be to look at to assist take care of grievances from people versus organizations. If a prospect is unhappy because of the organization they have handled they?re able to file a state while using the Bureau and they?ll then get hold of the business venture around the customer?s behalf and check out to help you take care of the make a difference. Plenty of people feel that the greater Small business Bureau only aids with manufacturers that can be members within the regional BBB or accredited from the BBB, however the reality is they assist with issues from both of those accredited and non accredited enterprises. In accordance with the Bureau, they?re in a position to effectively solve about 70 p.c of all of the issues which might be submitted.
How can an internet host develop into an accredited member and will it lend to the self esteem?
To be an accredited member with the BBB, an online internet hosting business enterprise need to have been in functions for at the very least an individual yr. They have to then fill in an software and spend member dues. Portion from the software system is proving with the Bureau the world-wide-web host can adhere with the criteria which the BBB demands to be a member which could encompass proving which the industry is totally certified an will provide the extent of support which they promote.
Anytime an online host can drop its accreditation for almost any variety of explanations. The leading basis for dropping accreditation is just too a lot grievances from consumers. So after you see that an internet host is accredited with the Improved Internet marketing business Bureau it really should in truth lend a vote of assurance to the conclusion to utilise that specific service. That may be to not state that non members are all shady, although the stamp of acceptance definitely allows. The best process to know that you are coping with a reasonable website hosting enterprise you can have confidence in could be to investigate the greater Venture Bureau?s site which happens to be BBB.org.
Please explore to Reseller Web Internet Hosting ? Secrets And Perks And Understand The Basic Principles when you will need considerably more info in the subject matter.
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Rangers setup man Mike Adams had allowed one homer in 51 2/3 innings this season until suddenly giving up three to the five A?s hitters he faced today.
Fortunately for Adams, the Rangers had a 9-4 cushion when he entered and they went on to win 9-7 to split a four-game series with the A?s.
Texas jumped out to a 5-0 lead in a first inning that featured homers from Ian Kinsler and Mike Napoli and then withstood Oakland?s change. Josh Reddick homered twice for the A?s, and Derek Norris, Yoenis Cespedes and Brandon Moss homered once apiece.
For Moss, it was his 20th homer in 246 at-bats this season. He?s gotten increased playing time of late, so he won?t become the seventh player in big-league history to finish a season with 20 homers and fewer than 250 at-bats. However, he will be the 30th player to have done it in less than 300 at-bats.
With Moss joining Reddick and Cespedes, the A?s now have three 20-homer guys, matching their total from the previous four seasons combines. They went without a 20-homer guy in 2010, and they had just one player get there in 2008 (Jack Cust), 2009 (Cust) and 2011 (Josh Willingham).
If you?re a conscientious computer user, you make sure to keep your antivirus software up to date. It?s the only way to shield your computer from viruses and malware, right? According to a recent story by MIT?s Technology Review, no.
Antivirus Software: Unreliable?
The story says that the antivirus software we have all relied on to protect our information is no longer as effective as it used to be. More and more advanced viruses are being developed daily that cannot be recognized by current antivirus software. This can be very concerning as many of us use the Internet on a daily basis.
Burned by Flame
An example of malware that is has baffled antivirus software for the last couple years is Flame. Flame infects a pc and copies audio, keystrokes, network traffic, and documents on that computer. The most concerning part of this is that during the past two years that Flame has been active, no security software has been developed to successfully identify it.
An Industry Under Siege
Wouldn?t it be nice if Flame was the only malware that could get by antivirus software? Unfortunately, this is not the case. There are quite a few that are more than difficult to detect and as soon as antivirus software gets upgraded, malware is developed that challenges it even more. This does not mean you ought not take all measures available to protect your computer, like keeping your antivirus software up to date. You should just be aware that there are viruses out there that may slip through. Hopefully the antivirus industry will eventually catch up with the development of viruses and malware.
Leighton Engineering, a fully owned subsidiary of Leighton Offshore, has been awarded a contract by Leighton Contractors for engineering support for the Gorgon Jetty Project in Perth, Western Australia.
This work involves the provision of Marine and Naval Architecture engineering support services in connection with the load out and transportation of concrete caissons by barge, including stability and motion analysis, sea fastening design and detailing, grillage design and mooring analysis.
The Gorgon Project, operated by Chevron, will develop the Gorgon and Jansz/Io gas fields, located within the Greater Gorgon area, about 130 kilometres off the north-west coast of Western Australia.
It includes the construction of a 15 million tonne per annum (MTPA) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant on Barrow Island and a domestic gas plant with the capacity to provide 300 terajoules per day to supply gas to Western Australia.
LNG World News Staff, September 26, 2012; Image: Chevron
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Consider installing a bonus point system that customers receive based on the amount of money they have spent on your site. Customers can accrue these points over time and eventually trade them in for a prize or discount. This is a fantastic way to keep repeat customers coming again and again.
An vital tip regarding Internet marketing is to be sure to make a relevant blog and update it frequently. This is vital so that you can easily spread relevant information about your company in a conversational format, and at the same time hopefully pull more traffic to your site.
Design whole-body workouts that touch on every major muscle group. This will allow you to build strength and endurance quicker and in fewer workouts, and will maximize the health benefits you get from your workouts. This can be done by having each workout include a resistance component, a cardiovascular component, and a stretching/flexibility component.
Distinguishing between different ?voice types? is critical for a successful internet marketing campaign. Voice types means the different types of people discussing your brand. For example, a current customer or a former customer, an professional analyst or an industry enthusiast, etc. By distinguishing the voice types you can tweak your marketing strategies slightly for each voice type and enhance their efficacy.
If you?re using email marketing, don?t go overboard with images and fancy designs. With people constantly on the go, they may be reading your emails from their cell phone. And with the small screens on cell phones, if your email has a lot of fancy formatting, it may be hard to read. You should keep cell phones in mind when designing your emails.
Offer referral bonuses and have customers cultivating more customers for you. You can offer something as simple and cost effective as a coupon or another discount to any one customer who refers 3 more to your site. Since the first customer is already sold on your product or business, there is a excellent chance anyone they refer to you will have a solid interest in purchasing also.
Use your banner ad to have a contest. Place a trivia question or riddle in your banner ad and let readers know that they can win a prize if they answer the question correctly on your site. People like to feel smart by answering trivia nearly as much as they like winning a prize.
If you are interested in making your company public on a social networking site then you must try to separate your personal and public personas. The best way to do this is to make two different accounts, one for you and one for you as a professional or small business owner.
If you have any well known celebrity customers, consider adding them to your advertising materials. This builds trust with your potential customer base. Of course, you should always seek permission before using their name in your promotional materials to avoid any legal problems!
Check out your competitor?s website often to see what they are doing and how they are doing it. You can find out what they are saying or doing on their website so you can get thoughts of what you should be doing. You can also see how your company measures up in comparison.
You can always offer something for your customers when they visit your website. This way your website gets more views and you get more customers. You can have website visitors print something out from your website and bring it in to your location to get a discount or other offer.
Blogging about your online business helps to humanize your brand. Blogs can allow your company to show its helpful, thoughtful and insightful side. Through your blog, you will show people your company?s sense of vision, people and culture. Blogs allow for a more personal, less corporate view of your company.
If your plot is to sell high quality products, you need to make sure they?re as excellent as you reckon they are. Test out your product! Not only will this ensure that you?re getting what you question for, but it will also allow you to write better copy on the product page, making you a better salesman.
As indicated at the beginning of the article, the world of internet marking has taken off and keeps on growing. It has branched out all over the world and there is not other method or reaching potential customers all over the world. By adopting the practices of internet marketing in this article, you can reach out to customers all over the web.
Ayesha Bellisle does have a column regarding internet marketing guide
Just over a week ago I pulled my cash, cards, and transit passes out of my pockets and began living life wallet-free, just using my smartphone. I'm happy to report that I'm a.) Not starving and b.) Have a ton of great new apps on my phone.
The annual Plano Balloon Festival drew folks in by the thousands last weekend, all seeking a gander at those kaleidoscopic feats of floating serenity. Photographer Mike Mezeul II captured it all. Then, between spontaneous bouts of meditation, we picked our ten favorites. Have a look. The final two pictures resemble illustrations, they're just that beautiful.
Glass half full: Double-strength glass may be within reachPublic release date: 24-Sep-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: David Ruth david@rice.edu 713-348-6327 Rice University
Rice University study suggests possible method for increasing the strength of glass
Glass is strong enough for so much: windshields, buildings and many other things that need to handle high stress without breaking. But scientists wholook at the structure of glass strictly by the numbers believe some of the latest methods from the microelectronics and nanotechnology industry could produceglass that's about twice as strong as the best available today.
Rice University chemist Peter Wolynes is one of them. Wolynes and Rice graduate student Apiwat Wisitsorasak determined in a new study that a process called chemical vapor deposition, which is used industrially to make thin films, could yield a glass that withstands tremendous stress without breaking.
Wolynes, a senior scientist with the Center for Theoretical Biological Physics at Rice's BioScience Research Collaborative, and Wisitsorasak reported their results this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Their calculations were based on a modified version of a groundbreaking mathematical model that Wolynes first created to answer a decades-old conundrum about how glass forms. With the modifications, Wolynes' theory can now predict the ultimate strength of any glass, including the common varieties made from silica and more exotic types made of polymers and metals.
If metal glass sounds odd, blame it on the molecules inside. Glass is unique because of its molecular structure. It freezes into a rigid form when cooled. But unlike ice, in which water molecules take on regular crystalline patterns -- think of snowflakes -- the molecules in glass are suspended randomly, just as they were as a liquid, with no particular pattern. The strong bonds that form between these randomly-arrayed individual molecules are what hold the glass together and ultimately determine its strength.
All glasses share the ability to handle a great deal of strain before giving way, sometimes explosively. Exactly how much strain a glass can handle is determined by how much energy it can absorb before its intrinsic elastic qualities reach their limitations. And that seems to be as much a property of the way the glass is manufactured as the material it's made of.
Materials scientists have long debated the physics of what occurs when glass hardens and cools. In fact, the transition is one of their last great puzzles of the field. Cooling temperatures for particular kinds of glass are well defined by centuries of experience, but Wolynes argues it may be possible to use this information to improve upon glass's ultimate strength.
The elastic properties of the finished product and the configurational energy (the positive and negative forces between the molecules) held in stasis by the "freezing" process determine how close a glass gets to the theoretical ideal -- the most stable glass possible, he said.
"The usual impression of glass is that, relative to other materials in your life, it seems easy to break," said Wolynes, Rice's Bullard-Welch Foundation Professor of Science and a professor of chemistry. "The reality is that when it's freshly made and not scratched, glass is very strong."
Wolynes, who specializes in how molecular systems move across microscopic "energy landscapes," particularly as they relate to protein folding in biology, has an interest in glass that goes back many years. His random first-order transition theory of glasses, which quantifies the molecules' kinetic properties as they cool, helped set the stage for decades of debate among theorists over how glass actually forms.
But the theory, based on work by Wolynes and collaborators that goes back to 1989, did not consider the strength of glass.
"You can come up with a theory of something and ignore one of the most practical implications because you just don't think about it," Wolynes explained.
A chance encounter with a metallurgist last year made Wolynes think again about just how strong glasscould be. "We had never worked on that kind of property, and the problem struck me as intriguing and relatively simple in the framework of the theory we already had. We just hadn't thought to calculate it," he said.
Traditional glass is soubiquitous that people rarely think about it (until it breaks). "Even though we now have Gorilla Glass and other tempering developments, they've been developed in a somewhat Edisonian fashion," he said, noting that such hardened glasses commonly used in cell phones have a self-healing surface treatment that protects the glass itself from scratching. "Our paper is about what determines the limits on the strength of the glass, if there is no surface problem."
Wolynes noted the strength of materials has been studied since the 1920s, when Russian scientist Yakov Frenkel "calculated how strong something could be if we just take into account the direct forces between atoms. He made a simple calculation: If you have a row of atoms and pull it over another row of atoms, when would it go from one way of aligning to the next?" Wolynes said that determines a material's elastic modulus -- "how springy the material is" -- an easy concept to understand in metals that bend before they break.
"The elastic modulus is related to the thermal vibrations in the material," he said. "Basically, if you have a material that has a very high melting point, its elastic modulus is also very high. According to Frenkel, the strength should also be very high.
"That overall trend is true. That's why fighter jets are made of titanium, one the highest-meltingmetals, and low-melting aluminum, which is not as strong but lighter, is used for other things."
The theory didn't seem to relate to glasses, however. "In the early days, when people first measured the properties of glasses, they found they were easily breakable. Silica glass is very high-melting, so you'd expect it to be strong," Wolynes said. "Then they did finally figure out this was because cracks at the surface were propagating in. If they could eliminate the cracks, they would get much higher strengths."
Current metallic glasses like the Liquidmetal famously licensed by Apple for consumer electronics "come to be about a quarter of this theoretical Frenkel strength," Wolynes said. "So what is it that limits their strength? We ask whether the collective motions that go on in liquids as they're becoming glasses are the same motions that are being catalyzed when we stress the material.
"Basically, we applied our theory for what determines how the liquid rearranges as it's becoming glass. Add to that the extra driving force when you apply stress, and see what that predicts for the limit of how much it can be pushed before the atoms roll over each other" and the glass breaks, he said.
He noted the theoretical results closely match experimental ones for most materials. "The good news is, according to this theory, if you could make a material that is much closer to ideal glass the glass you would get if you could make it infinitely slowly then you would be able to increase its strength." That may not be possible through traditional cooling of silica, metal and polymer glasses, which Wolynes' and Wisitsorasak's calculations indicate are approaching their limits.
But it might be possible through vapor deposition of atoms, akin to the chemical vapor deposition process used in microelectronics and nanotechnology to make thin films. "It would require tuning the deposition rate to the liquid/glass transition properties," he said.
"Our theory says the best you can do with this is get about halfway to ideal glass," which he said some experimentalists have demonstrated. "It's possible there's some loophole we don't yet see that will let us get even closer to the ideal," Wolynes said. "But at least, at this point, we can get halfway there. That means it would be possible, in principle, to get glass with at least twice the intrinsic strength of current glasses."
Wolynes' theory comes with a caveat, though. Glass hardened even to the point of near indestructibility can still be destroyed, and with dramatic effect. "If you could have something infinitely strong, then you'd never need to worry about it," he said. "But there's a little bit of a problem if you make something that's very strong but can eventually break. It contains a huge amount of energy, so when it breaks, it fails catastrophically."
###
This news release can be found online at news.rice.edu.
Read the abstract at http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/09/12/1214130109.abstract
Follow Rice News and Media Relations via Twitter @RiceUNews
Related Materials:
Center for Theoretical Biological Physics: http://ctbp.rice.edu/
Peter Wolynes bio: http://chemistry.rice.edu/FacultyDetail.aspx?p=ACC7DC090095C11C
Glass is strong but shows potential to be stronger, according totheoretical work by researchers at Rice University.
Located on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Rice University is consistently ranked among the nation's top 20 universities by U.S. News & World Report. Rice has highly respected schools of Architecture, Business, Continuing Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Music, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and is home to the Baker Institute for Public Policy. With 3,708 undergraduates and 2,374graduate students, Rice's undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is 6-to-1. Its residential college system builds close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why Rice has been ranked No. 1 for best quality of life multiple times by the Princeton Review and No. 4 for "best value" among private universities by Kiplinger's Personal Finance. To read "What they're saying about Rice," go to www.rice.edu/nationalmedia/Rice.pdf.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Glass half full: Double-strength glass may be within reachPublic release date: 24-Sep-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: David Ruth david@rice.edu 713-348-6327 Rice University
Rice University study suggests possible method for increasing the strength of glass
Glass is strong enough for so much: windshields, buildings and many other things that need to handle high stress without breaking. But scientists wholook at the structure of glass strictly by the numbers believe some of the latest methods from the microelectronics and nanotechnology industry could produceglass that's about twice as strong as the best available today.
Rice University chemist Peter Wolynes is one of them. Wolynes and Rice graduate student Apiwat Wisitsorasak determined in a new study that a process called chemical vapor deposition, which is used industrially to make thin films, could yield a glass that withstands tremendous stress without breaking.
Wolynes, a senior scientist with the Center for Theoretical Biological Physics at Rice's BioScience Research Collaborative, and Wisitsorasak reported their results this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Their calculations were based on a modified version of a groundbreaking mathematical model that Wolynes first created to answer a decades-old conundrum about how glass forms. With the modifications, Wolynes' theory can now predict the ultimate strength of any glass, including the common varieties made from silica and more exotic types made of polymers and metals.
If metal glass sounds odd, blame it on the molecules inside. Glass is unique because of its molecular structure. It freezes into a rigid form when cooled. But unlike ice, in which water molecules take on regular crystalline patterns -- think of snowflakes -- the molecules in glass are suspended randomly, just as they were as a liquid, with no particular pattern. The strong bonds that form between these randomly-arrayed individual molecules are what hold the glass together and ultimately determine its strength.
All glasses share the ability to handle a great deal of strain before giving way, sometimes explosively. Exactly how much strain a glass can handle is determined by how much energy it can absorb before its intrinsic elastic qualities reach their limitations. And that seems to be as much a property of the way the glass is manufactured as the material it's made of.
Materials scientists have long debated the physics of what occurs when glass hardens and cools. In fact, the transition is one of their last great puzzles of the field. Cooling temperatures for particular kinds of glass are well defined by centuries of experience, but Wolynes argues it may be possible to use this information to improve upon glass's ultimate strength.
The elastic properties of the finished product and the configurational energy (the positive and negative forces between the molecules) held in stasis by the "freezing" process determine how close a glass gets to the theoretical ideal -- the most stable glass possible, he said.
"The usual impression of glass is that, relative to other materials in your life, it seems easy to break," said Wolynes, Rice's Bullard-Welch Foundation Professor of Science and a professor of chemistry. "The reality is that when it's freshly made and not scratched, glass is very strong."
Wolynes, who specializes in how molecular systems move across microscopic "energy landscapes," particularly as they relate to protein folding in biology, has an interest in glass that goes back many years. His random first-order transition theory of glasses, which quantifies the molecules' kinetic properties as they cool, helped set the stage for decades of debate among theorists over how glass actually forms.
But the theory, based on work by Wolynes and collaborators that goes back to 1989, did not consider the strength of glass.
"You can come up with a theory of something and ignore one of the most practical implications because you just don't think about it," Wolynes explained.
A chance encounter with a metallurgist last year made Wolynes think again about just how strong glasscould be. "We had never worked on that kind of property, and the problem struck me as intriguing and relatively simple in the framework of the theory we already had. We just hadn't thought to calculate it," he said.
Traditional glass is soubiquitous that people rarely think about it (until it breaks). "Even though we now have Gorilla Glass and other tempering developments, they've been developed in a somewhat Edisonian fashion," he said, noting that such hardened glasses commonly used in cell phones have a self-healing surface treatment that protects the glass itself from scratching. "Our paper is about what determines the limits on the strength of the glass, if there is no surface problem."
Wolynes noted the strength of materials has been studied since the 1920s, when Russian scientist Yakov Frenkel "calculated how strong something could be if we just take into account the direct forces between atoms. He made a simple calculation: If you have a row of atoms and pull it over another row of atoms, when would it go from one way of aligning to the next?" Wolynes said that determines a material's elastic modulus -- "how springy the material is" -- an easy concept to understand in metals that bend before they break.
"The elastic modulus is related to the thermal vibrations in the material," he said. "Basically, if you have a material that has a very high melting point, its elastic modulus is also very high. According to Frenkel, the strength should also be very high.
"That overall trend is true. That's why fighter jets are made of titanium, one the highest-meltingmetals, and low-melting aluminum, which is not as strong but lighter, is used for other things."
The theory didn't seem to relate to glasses, however. "In the early days, when people first measured the properties of glasses, they found they were easily breakable. Silica glass is very high-melting, so you'd expect it to be strong," Wolynes said. "Then they did finally figure out this was because cracks at the surface were propagating in. If they could eliminate the cracks, they would get much higher strengths."
Current metallic glasses like the Liquidmetal famously licensed by Apple for consumer electronics "come to be about a quarter of this theoretical Frenkel strength," Wolynes said. "So what is it that limits their strength? We ask whether the collective motions that go on in liquids as they're becoming glasses are the same motions that are being catalyzed when we stress the material.
"Basically, we applied our theory for what determines how the liquid rearranges as it's becoming glass. Add to that the extra driving force when you apply stress, and see what that predicts for the limit of how much it can be pushed before the atoms roll over each other" and the glass breaks, he said.
He noted the theoretical results closely match experimental ones for most materials. "The good news is, according to this theory, if you could make a material that is much closer to ideal glass the glass you would get if you could make it infinitely slowly then you would be able to increase its strength." That may not be possible through traditional cooling of silica, metal and polymer glasses, which Wolynes' and Wisitsorasak's calculations indicate are approaching their limits.
But it might be possible through vapor deposition of atoms, akin to the chemical vapor deposition process used in microelectronics and nanotechnology to make thin films. "It would require tuning the deposition rate to the liquid/glass transition properties," he said.
"Our theory says the best you can do with this is get about halfway to ideal glass," which he said some experimentalists have demonstrated. "It's possible there's some loophole we don't yet see that will let us get even closer to the ideal," Wolynes said. "But at least, at this point, we can get halfway there. That means it would be possible, in principle, to get glass with at least twice the intrinsic strength of current glasses."
Wolynes' theory comes with a caveat, though. Glass hardened even to the point of near indestructibility can still be destroyed, and with dramatic effect. "If you could have something infinitely strong, then you'd never need to worry about it," he said. "But there's a little bit of a problem if you make something that's very strong but can eventually break. It contains a huge amount of energy, so when it breaks, it fails catastrophically."
###
This news release can be found online at news.rice.edu.
Read the abstract at http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/09/12/1214130109.abstract
Follow Rice News and Media Relations via Twitter @RiceUNews
Related Materials:
Center for Theoretical Biological Physics: http://ctbp.rice.edu/
Peter Wolynes bio: http://chemistry.rice.edu/FacultyDetail.aspx?p=ACC7DC090095C11C
Glass is strong but shows potential to be stronger, according totheoretical work by researchers at Rice University.
Located on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Rice University is consistently ranked among the nation's top 20 universities by U.S. News & World Report. Rice has highly respected schools of Architecture, Business, Continuing Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Music, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and is home to the Baker Institute for Public Policy. With 3,708 undergraduates and 2,374graduate students, Rice's undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is 6-to-1. Its residential college system builds close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why Rice has been ranked No. 1 for best quality of life multiple times by the Princeton Review and No. 4 for "best value" among private universities by Kiplinger's Personal Finance. To read "What they're saying about Rice," go to www.rice.edu/nationalmedia/Rice.pdf.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.